马斯克推文 2021–2022
下一篇马斯克推文 2023–2026- 来源/形式: 埃隆·马斯克本人在 2021 和 2022 年发的推文,紧接 马斯克推文 2018–2020 之后的两年,取自
raw/tweets/<year>/中已核实的 GitHubcmj/elontweets存档。这两年被归为同一个时期,因为它们是一场不断加速的连续变化:2020 年那个特立独行、反对封控的自由意志主义者,硬化成了一个公开的党派化文化战争之声,早些年的抽象想法变成了行动。在这个时间窗口里,四件事同时成形:狗狗币/货币即信息的加密货币主线;“觉醒病毒”的说法(它第一次出现,恰恰就是 2021 年 12 月的一条推文);明确的政治转向(2022 年 5 月,“我再也无法支持他们,将投票给共和党”);以及让他自称“言论自由绝对主义者”的推特收购风波。在这一切底下,人口崩溃的信念不断升级,从一句顺口的话,变成了他排在 AI 之上的文明头号风险。这里只采用马斯克亲自撰写的原创推文(他本人在x.com/elonmusk/status/…上的状态 ID);转推和嵌入的第三方内容一律排除。 - 时期主线: 如果说 2018–2020 年是马斯克脾性转变的时期,那么 2021–2022 年就是他的立场定型并化为行动的时期。这个窗口由五条带日期的主线界定。(1)加密货币/货币即信息: 贯穿 2021 年全年的一条线。他“从信息论的角度”思考货币(“误差和延迟最小的那个会胜出”),力挺比特币是“一种比现金没那么蠢的流动性形式”,5 月又因为比特币的能耗而反转(“它不能导致化石燃料使用量大幅增加”),转而支持狗狗币,称之为“人民的加密货币”。(2)政治转向: 2021 年,他一再敲打财政保守主义的鼓点(老人政治、“支出才是真正的问题”、消费税理念、与沃伦的税收之争),一步步走到第一条“觉醒病毒”推文(“traceroute woke_mind_virus”,意思是“追踪觉醒病毒的路由”,2021 年 12 月),再到 2022 年 5 月的明确宣布(“过去我投民主党……但他们已经变成了分裂与仇恨的政党……我将投票给共和党”),最后是年底的绝对化表态(“觉醒病毒要么被打败,要么其他一切都无关紧要”,2022 年 12 月)。(3)言论自由与推特: 2022 年 3 月关于算法偏见的投票 → 收购要约(“打败垃圾机器人,否则死在路上!”)→“公共广场”主张 → 自称“言论自由绝对主义者”(3 月,因星链一事)→“鸟儿自由了”(10 月)→“言论自由,但不是传播自由”的政策(11 月)。(4)人口崩溃: 从“真正正在发生的是人口崩溃”(2021 年 7 月)到“它是比 AI 更大的风险,所以我会把它排第一”(2022 年 6 月)。(5)重申使命: 火星是“意识之光”和生物圈的备份,可复用性是文明的基础设施;到 2022 年 12 月 ChatGPT 问世时,AI 风险的警报变得更尖锐(“我们离危险而强大的 AI 已经不远了”)。这里把它们作为他影响最深远的观点演变的一份带日期的记录,用的是他自己的话。
- 可信度: 已核实。 每个原始的月度文件都是
verified: true的推文存档(collection_method: GitHub cmj/elontweets archive (2010-2025))。因为一条推文本身就是它自己的引语,所以每段引语的锚点就是推文永久链接本身,即https://x.com/elonmusk/status/<id>,而不是#:~:text=片段:x.com 靠 JavaScript 渲染,文本片段无法定位,而推文文字就是被引用对象的全部。逐字节准确的保证是:每段引语都是该推文在其月度文件中文字的逐字连续子串。原始资料里末尾的t.co等短链接不复制;很多引语去掉了原始资料保留的开头回复提及前缀,比如@WholeMarsBlog或@waitbutwhy,引用的是其后逐字节准确的子串;凡是原始资料存的是 HTML 实体的地方,比如“erotic democracy >> sclerotic democracy”中的>>,都原样照录。 - 发言归属: 每段引语都是马斯克原创撰写的推文,都对应到了正确的月度文件和正确的状态 ID;没有一条是转推(没有引用任何
x.com/null或RT @行),也没有把别人的推文算在马斯克头上。这些推文有很大一部分在原始资料里是回复,即马斯克自己撰写的回复文字,引用的是@提及前缀之后逐字节准确的子串(比如对@waitbutwhy、@WholeMarsBlog、@PPathole、@lexfridman、@sama、@kanyewest的回复)。凡是候选引语取自一条较长推文中间的某个分句(比如收尾一条债务算术推文的“支出才是真正的问题。”;收尾一条自动化推文的“不会有稀缺,除非是人为制造的稀缺。”;收尾一条关于战争动员推文的“如果你关心乌克兰人民,就去寻求和平。”),都按原样照录为精确的连续子串,是一句能独立成立的话,没有拼接。
概要
这是本站第四份推文时期的来源。马斯克推文 2018–2020 里那个特立独行的自由意志主义者,在这里变成了公众如今熟知的那个公开站队的文化战争人物。2018–2020 年那一页捕捉到的是脾性在转变;这一页捕捉到的是立场定型并化为行动:一次敌意收购,一次换党,一个新造的说法。和之前一样,这两年的绝大部分内容都略去了:发射动态、产品闲聊、狗狗币梗图、新闻链接和日常事务,都不含思想素材,一概不引。留下来的,是一份带日期的记录:一方面,他那些长期稳定的模型(AI 风险、火星、第一性原理、可持续性)被反复重申;另一方面,他的政治立场和公共使命也看得见地定了型。
稳定的思考者随处可见。第一性原理的声音在 2021 年初产出了一组异常密集的货币即信息论述:“我们称之为货币的东西,只是一个配置劳动的信息系统……误差和延迟最小的那个会胜出”,“货币只是让我们免去以物易物之麻烦的数据”,“商品和服务才是实体经济,任何形式的货币都只是它的记账”。这个思维模型框定了他整条加密货币主线,包括比特币能耗上的反转(“它不能导致化石燃料使用量大幅增加,尤其是煤”)和支持狗狗币的平民化理由(“感觉它是人民的加密货币”)。自动驾驶理念有据可查地转向了纯视觉(“与其做传感器融合,不如在视觉上加倍下注”;“现实世界的光学智能……其余一切都只是锦上添花”)。火星主张重申了“意识之光”信条(“我们集体的意识之光,是无边黑暗中的一支小蜡烛。请不要让它熄灭。”)和可复用性即基础设施的信念。形而上的马斯克重申了模拟论和物理即渲染的观点(“物理公式就是渲染规则”;“我们是缸中之脑,缸就是我们的颅骨”),以及关于认知谦逊的格言(“我们对现实的看法总是错的,只是错多少的问题”;“根本错误在于类比推理,而不是第一性原理”)。而随着 ChatGPT 登场,AI 风险的信念被重申,也更尖锐了(“ChatGPT 好得吓人。我们离危险而强大的 AI 已经不远了”;数字算力与生物算力之比这个指标,从 8 月的“增长很快”升级为 12 月的“呈指数增长”)。
但这个时期真正的主线是定型。政治转向在一条坡道上被逐日记录下来:2021 年的财政鼓点(“我们生活在老人政治之中”,“支出才是真正的问题”,“通货膨胀是所有税中最累退的一种”),“觉醒病毒”第一次以推文形式出现(2021 年 12 月),与沃伦的争执,然后是 2022 年 5 月的明确决裂(“我再也无法支持他们,将投票给共和党”)和“除非被阻止,否则觉醒病毒将毁灭文明”,最后是年底的绝对化表态(“觉醒病毒要么被打败,要么其他一切都无关紧要”)。推特风波自成一条带日期的线:2022 年 3 月对算法偏见的担忧,“公共广场”的说法,收购要约,“鸟儿自由了”,以及“言论自由,但不是传播自由”的主张。它也给了他一个延续至今的自我标签:“言论自由绝对主义者”。而人口崩溃的信念,2018 年还只是一句顺口的话,在这里被明确提到 AI 之上,成为文明头号风险。这就是这个时期的价值:同样的第一性原理,如今产出了公众眼中那个马斯克的行动、口号和党派身份。
语气说明: 这些都作为马斯克在 2021–2022 年各个时间点表达的观点来记录,不作评判。其中有几条是带日期、可证伪的预测或有争议的论断:“约 1000 艘星舰……约 20 年建成一座自给自足的城市”的时间表;“2029 年感觉是关键的一年。要是到那时我们还没有 AGI,我会很意外”;人口预测(“中国每一代人都会减少约 40%”;“日本最终将不复存在”);“ESG 是骗局”和“觉醒病毒”的说法;以及有争议的乌克兰和平论(“如果你关心乌克兰人民,就去寻求和平”)。它们都作为他说出的预测、表明的把握程度和当时的看法记录下来,既不认可也不反驳;正因为带着日期,它们才是观察他的思想及其演变的有用数据点。
关键推文(逐字,锚定永久链接,仅限埃隆·马斯克)
货币即信息:加密货币主线与比特币能耗上的反转(2021)
这个时间窗口里最密集的第一性原理论述,是货币即信息系统的模型。整个 2021 年他反复重申这一点,并用它来框定自己关于加密货币的一切说法。核心的重新定义,有三种说法:
“The thing we call money is just an information system for labor allocation. What actually matters is making goods & providing services. We should look at currencies from an information theory standpoint. Whichever has least error & latency will win.” ↗
“我们称之为货币的东西,只是一个配置劳动的信息系统。真正重要的是生产商品、提供服务。我们应该从信息论的角度看待货币。误差和延迟最小的那个会胜出。”
“Money is just data that allows us to avoid the inconvenience of barter. That data, like all data, is subject to latency & error. The system will evolve to that which minimizes both.” ↗
“货币只是让我们免去以物易物之麻烦的数据。和所有数据一样,这些数据也会有延迟和误差。这个系统会朝着把两者都降到最低的方向演化。”
“Goods & services are the real economy, any form of money is simply the accounting thereof” ↗
“商品和服务才是实体经济,任何形式的货币都只是它的记账”
“The economy — making useful products & providing great services — is what actually matters.” ↗
“经济,也就是制造有用的产品、提供出色的服务,才是真正重要的。”
“True value is building products & providing services to your fellow human beings, not money in any form.” ↗
“真正的价值在于为你的同胞打造产品、提供服务,而不是任何形式的货币。”
他对加密货币和法币的比较式、怀疑式看法:比特币是“没那么蠢”的流动性,法币更糟,加密货币是对货币稀释的一种制衡;以及他亮明的立场:
“Having some Bitcoin, which is simply a less dumb form of liquidity than cash, is adventurous enough for an S&P500 company.” ↗
“持有一些比特币,它只是一种比现金没那么蠢的流动性形式,对一家标普 500 公司来说已经够冒险了。”
“when fiat currency has negative real interest, only a fool wouldn’t look elsewhere. Bitcoin is almost as bs as fiat money. The key word is “almost”.” ↗
“当法币的实际利率为负时,只有傻瓜才不去别处找出路。比特币几乎和法币一样扯淡。关键词是‘几乎’。”
“Decentralized crypto is an attempt to wrest power of currency dilution (pernicious form of taxation) & capital controls from governments. That said, I sure hope the cure is better than the disease! Mars/AI are essential to passing the great filt” ↗
“去中心化加密货币是一种尝试,想从政府手里夺走稀释货币(一种有害的征税方式)和管制资本的权力。话虽如此,我真希望药方比病症本身好!火星和 AI 对于通过大过滤……至关重要”
“The true battle is between fiat & crypto. On balance, I support the latter.” ↗
“真正的较量发生在法币和加密货币之间。权衡之下,我支持后者。”
有据可查的反转:2022 年 5 月在比特币能耗问题上的转向,让特斯拉停止接受比特币付款;还有他对“去中心化”叙事唱反调式的戳穿,以及支持狗狗币的平民化理由:
“To be clear, I strongly believe in crypto, but it can’t drive a massive increase in fossil fuel use, especially coal” ↗
“说清楚一点,我非常看好加密货币,但它不能导致化石燃料使用量大幅增加,尤其是煤”
“Bitcoin is actually highly centralized, with supermajority controlled by handful of big mining (aka hashing) companies. A single coal mine in Xinjiang flooded, almost killing miners, and Bitcoin hash rate dropped 35%. Sound “decentralized” to you?” ↗
“比特币其实高度中心化,绝大部分掌握在少数几家大型挖矿(也就是算哈希)公司手里。新疆一座煤矿被淹,差点要了矿工的命,比特币算力就掉了 35%。你听着觉得这叫‘去中心化’?”
“Lots of people I talked to on the production lines at Tesla or building rockets at SpaceX own Doge. They aren’t financial experts or Silicon Valley technologists. That’s why I decided to support Doge – it felt like the people’s crypto.” ↗
“我在特斯拉生产线上、在 SpaceX 造火箭的地方聊过的很多人都持有狗狗币。他们不是金融专家,也不是硅谷技术人员。这就是我决定支持狗狗币的原因,感觉它是人民的加密货币。”
第一性原理:物理即真理、类比推理、心智防火墙(2021–2022)
那个爱解释、物理优先的声音不断产出经得起时间的格言。物理是认识论的基石,还有他招牌式的第一性原理对类比推理的表述(2022 年最清楚的版本):
“Physics is simply the search for truth. Nothing is more rigorous.” ↗
“物理就是对真理的探求。没有什么比它更严谨。”
“People are able to break any laws made by humans, but none made by physics” ↗
“人能打破人定的任何法律,却打破不了物理定下的任何一条”
“the fundamental error is reasoning by analogy, rather than first principles” ↗
“根本错误在于类比推理,而不是第一性原理”
“Our view of reality is always wrong, just a question of how wrong” ↗
“我们对现实的看法总是错的,只是错多少的问题”
批判性思维/“心智防火墙”论点,这是他关于意识形态如何给自己编程最清楚的表述;还有 2022 年底重提的“给大脑装杀毒软件”:
“The overarching problem is that we need better mental firewalls for the information constantly coming at us. Critical & first principles thinking should be a required course in middle school. Who wrote the software running in your head? Are you sure you actually want it there?” ↗
“最根本的问题是,面对源源不断涌来的信息,我们需要更好的心智防火墙。批判性思维和第一性原理思维应该成为初中的必修课。你脑子里运行的软件是谁写的?你确定你真的想让它待在那儿吗?”
“This is neither a “right” nor a “left” issue. Run antivirus software in your brain.” ↗
“这既不是‘右’的问题,也不是‘左’的问题。在你的大脑里运行杀毒软件吧。”
“New Twitter policy is to follow the science, which necessarily includes reasoned questioning of the science” ↗
“推特的新政策是遵循科学,而这必然包括对科学进行有理有据的质疑”
“Anyone who says that questioning them is questioning science itself cannot be regarded as a scientist” ↗
“谁要是说质疑他们就是质疑科学本身,谁就不能被当作科学家”
唱反调的工程和经济判断:对氢能的怀疑、护城河与科技树之争的策略法则,以及自动驾驶必然到来的说法:
“Fuel cells should be called fool sells! Such a silly choice for cars.” ↗
“燃料电池(fuel cells)应该叫‘傻子才卖’(fool sells)!给汽车用这个,真是个蠢选择。”
“Don’t build moats, build tech trees” ↗
“别修护城河,去点科技树”
“There will come a time in the future where people will be surprised that we let practically anyone drive a 2 ton death machine anywhere they want” ↗
“将来会有那么一天,人们会惊讶于我们竟然让几乎任何人开着一台 2 吨重的死亡机器想去哪儿就去哪儿”
“Won’t be long before we view gasoline cars the same way we view steam engines today” ↗
“用不了多久,我们看燃油车,就会像今天看蒸汽机一样”
“Too much respect for authority inhibits innovation” ↗
“太尊重权威会扼杀创新”
自动驾驶:有据可查的纯视觉转向(2021)
他的 AI 路线上一次清晰的观点演变:2021 年拆掉雷达、让特斯拉全押纯视觉背后的推理:
“What has become absolutely clear is that the plethora of self-driving corner cases can only be solved with real-world optical intelligence. This is how humans designed the road system to work. Once you have that in silicon form, everything else is just icing on the cake.” ↗
“现在已经完全清楚了:自动驾驶那数不清的极端情况,只能靠现实世界的光学智能来解决。人类当初设计道路系统,就是按这个方式来运作的。一旦你在硅片上实现了它,其余一切都只是锦上添花。”
“When radar and vision disagree, which one do you believe? Vision has much more precision, so better to double down on vision than do sensor fusion.” ↗
“当雷达和视觉意见不一致时,你信哪个?视觉的精度高得多,所以与其做传感器融合,不如在视觉上加倍下注。”
“A major part of real-world AI has to be solved to make unsupervised, generalized full self-driving work, as the entire road system is designed for biological neural nets with optical imagers” ↗
“要让无监督、通用的完全自动驾驶跑通,就得先解决现实世界 AI 的一大块难题,因为整个道路系统都是为带光学成像器的生物神经网络设计的”
“Tesla is solving a major real-world AI problem.” ↗
“特斯拉正在解决一个重大的现实世界 AI 问题。”
AI 风险与 AGI:时间表、指标,以及 ChatGPT 时刻(2021–2022)
AI 风险的信念保持稳定,还多了带日期的 AGI 时间表和一个持续追踪的数字算力对生物算力指标。从特斯拉 AI 通向 AGI 的说法,对 AGI 是否应该被攻克的矛盾心态,以及带日期的预测:
“Tesla AI might play a role in AGI, given that it trains against the outside world, especially with the advent of Optimus” ↗
“特斯拉 AI 可能会在 AGI 上发挥作用,因为它是对着外部世界训练的,尤其是有了擎天柱之后”
“Self-driving cars & useful humanoid robots require a sophisticated understanding of reality. I am increasingly convinced that they are on the path to solving AGI. Should AGI be solved? I don’t know, but humanity is moving rapidly in this direction whethe” ↗
“自动驾驶汽车和有用的人形机器人需要对现实有深刻的理解。我越来越确信,它们正走在攻克 AGI 的路上。AGI 应该被攻克吗?我不知道,但不管……人类都在快速朝这个方向前进”
“2029 feels like a pivotal year. I’d be surprised if we don’t have AGI by then. Hopefully, people on Mars too.” ↗
“2029 年感觉是关键的一年。要是到那时我们还没有 AGI,我会很意外。希望到时候火星上也有人了。”
他对 AI 的概念模型,人与 AI 共生的利害所在,以及把特斯拉机器人当作一种安全对冲,因为机器人“反正都要来”:
“So much of AI is about compressing reality to a small vector space, like a video game in reverse” ↗
“AI 很大程度上就是把现实压缩进一个小小的向量空间,就像倒过来的电子游戏”
“Long-term: human/AI symbiosis Latter will be species-level important” ↗
“长期来看:人与 AI 共生。后者对整个物种都将至关重要”
“The robots are coming anyway, as Boston Dynamics videos clearly show. I will not be able to ensure that robots made by other companies are safe, but I can try my best to do so at Tesla.” ↗
“机器人反正都要来,波士顿动力的视频已经清楚地表明了这一点。我没法保证其他公司造的机器人是安全的,但在特斯拉,我可以尽最大努力做到。”
指标的升级(一个清晰的演变标记:8 月是“增长很快”,12 月变成“呈指数增长”),以及重新唤起他十年前监管呼吁的 ChatGPT 时刻警报:
“The ratio of digital to biological compute is growing fast. Worth tracking.” ↗
“数字算力与生物算力之比正在快速增长。值得追踪。”
“The ratio of digital to biological compute is growing exponentially” ↗
“数字算力与生物算力之比正在呈指数增长”
“ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong AI.” ↗
“ChatGPT 好得吓人。我们离危险而强大的 AI 已经不远了。”
“I’ve been calling for AI safety regulation for over a decade!” ↗
“我呼吁对 AI 安全进行监管已经十多年了!”
火星与意识之光:使命被重申为基础设施和保险(2021–2022)
火星论被重申为文明的基础设施和生物圈的保险,围绕保存意识来展开。他积累财富的理由,以及可复用性的理由:
“I am accumulating resources to help make life multiplanetary & extend the light of consciousness to the stars” ↗
“我积累资源,是为了帮助生命走向多行星,把意识之光延伸到群星”
“It is hard to overstate criticality of reusable rockets. No less important than reusable aircraft, cars or bicycles. Essential for humanity to become a multiplanet species & backup the biosphere.” ↗
“可复用火箭有多关键,怎么强调都不为过。它的重要性不亚于可重复使用的飞机、汽车或自行车。人类要成为多行星物种、给生物圈做备份,它必不可少。”
“They are aiming too low. Only rockets that are fully & rapidly reusable will be competitive. Everything else will seem like a cloth biplane in the age of jets.” ↗
“他们的目标定得太低了。只有完全、快速可复用的火箭才有竞争力。其他的都会像喷气机时代里的布蒙皮双翼机。”
大过滤器/窗口正在关闭的紧迫感,以及带着费米悖论味道的单行星对多行星推理:
“Becoming multiplanetary is one of the greatest filters. Only now, 4.5 billion years after Earth formed, is it possible. How long this window to reach Mars remains open is uncertain. Perhaps a long time, perhaps not.” ↗
“成为多行星物种是最大的过滤器之一。直到现在,地球形成 45 亿年之后,这才成为可能。这扇通往火星的窗口还会开多久,没人说得准。也许很久,也许不会。”
“There is a profound difference between single-planet & multiplanet species. If we are able to visit other stars one day, we may discover many long-dead single-planet civilizations.” ↗
“单行星物种和多行星物种之间有着深刻的区别。如果有一天我们能造访其他恒星,也许会发现许多早已消亡的单行星文明。”
“There is a 💯 chance of all species extinction due to expansion of the sun, unless humanity makes life multiplanetary” ↗
“由于太阳膨胀,所有物种灭绝的几率是 💯,除非人类让生命走向多行星”
生物圈备份/守护者的说法,两家公司的使命表述,以及驱动这一切的那个元价值最有诗意的表达:
“If we make life multiplanetary, there may come a day when some plants & animals die out on Earth, but are still alive on Mars” ↗
“如果我们让生命走向多行星,也许有一天,某些动植物在地球上灭绝了,却仍在火星上活着”
“Making life multiplanetary expands the scope & scale of consciousness. It also enables us to backup the biosphere, protecting all life as we know it from a calamity on Earth. Humanity is life’s steward, as no other species can transport life to Mars. We can’t let them down.” ↗
“让生命走向多行星,能扩大意识的范围和规模。它还让我们能给生物圈做备份,保护我们所知的一切生命免遭地球上的浩劫。人类是生命的守护者,因为没有别的物种能把生命运到火星。我们不能辜负它们。”
“Tesla is to protect life on Earth, SpaceX to extend life beyond.” ↗
“特斯拉是为了保护地球上的生命,SpaceX 是为了把生命延伸到地球之外。”
“To extend the light of consciousness” ↗
“为了延续意识之光”
“Our collective light of consciousness is a tiny candle in a vast darkness. Please do not let it go out.” ↗
“我们集体的意识之光,是无边黑暗中的一支小蜡烛。请不要让它熄灭。”
可持续与能源:电池、核能、太阳能(2021–2022)
使命那种第一性原理式的讲法仍在继续:对瓶颈的诊断,一再出现的挺核立场(这在环保阵营里算是唱反调),以及对太阳能加电池的笃定预测:
“Battery cell production is the fundamental rate-limiter slowing down a sustainable energy future. Very important problem.” ↗
“电池电芯的产能,是拖慢可持续能源未来的根本限速因素。非常重要的问题。”
“Unless susceptible to extreme natural disasters, nuclear power plants should not be shut down” ↗
“除非容易遭受极端自然灾害,否则核电站不应该关闭”
“Hopefully, it is now extremely obvious that Europe should restart dormant nuclear power stations and increase power output of existing ones. This is critical to national and international security.” ↗
“希望现在已经再明显不过了:欧洲应该重启闲置的核电站,并提高现有核电站的发电量。这对国家和国际安全至关重要。”
“Countries should be increasing nuclear power generation! It is insane from a national security standpoint & bad for the environment to shut them down.” ↗
“各国应该增加核能发电!关掉核电站,从国家安全的角度看是疯了,对环境也不好。”
“Solar panels, ground mount & rooftop, paired with stationary batteries, will be civilization’s primary source of energy, as sure as day follows night. Mark these words.” ↗
“地面式和屋顶式太阳能板,配上固定式储能电池,将成为文明的主要能源,就像白天过后必是黑夜一样确定。记住这句话。”
2022 年战争期间那种务实、把自身利益放在一边的能源安全立场,以及对环保主义的长期主义式重新定义:
“Hate to say it, but we need to increase oil & gas output immediately. Extraordinary times demand extraordinary measures.” ↗
“我也不想这么说,但我们需要立即增加石油和天然气产量。非常时期需要非常手段。”
“Realized what I have in common with environmentalists, but also why they’re so annoyingly wrong: They are conservationists of what is, whereas they should be conservationists of our potential over time, our cosmic endowment.” ↗
“我意识到了我和环保主义者的共同点,也意识到了他们为什么错得那么让人恼火:他们保护的是现有的东西,而他们本该保护的,是我们长久以来的潜力,我们的宇宙禀赋。”
人口崩溃:从顺口一提到头号风险(这个时期最清晰的一次升级)
人口减少的信念,是本页最干净的一次带日期的升级。2021 年,它浮出水面,并在一年里不断加码:
“Population collapse is what’s actually happening” ↗
“真正正在发生的是人口崩溃”
“Between civilization ending with a bang or a whimper, this trend suggests the latter.” ↗
“文明是轰然终结,还是在呜咽中终结?这个趋势说明是后者。”
“Population collapse is potentially the greatest risk to the future of civilization” ↗
“人口崩溃可能是文明未来面临的最大风险”
“It takes 20 years (time from conception to adult) to reverse demographic trends” ↗
“扭转人口趋势需要 20 年(从受孕到成年的时间)”
到 2022 年,这已是他挂在嘴边的话,被明确排在 AI 和气候之上;他还从第一性原理出发驳斥权威预测,并给出一个进化论解释,说明它为什么一直不被看见:
“If the alarming collapse in birth rate continues, civilization will indeed die with a whimper in adult diapers” ↗
“如果出生率这样惊人地崩塌下去,文明真的会穿着成人纸尿裤、在呜咽中死去”
“UN projections are utter nonsense. Just multiply last year’s births by life expectancy. Given downward trend in birth rate, that is best case unless reversed.” ↗
“联合国的预测完全是胡扯。只要拿去年的出生人数乘以预期寿命就行了。鉴于出生率的下降趋势,除非扭转,否则这已经是最好的情况。”
“Humanity did not evolve to mourn the unborn” ↗
“人类在进化中并没有学会哀悼未出生的人”
“Population collapse is the biggest threat to civilization” ↗
“人口崩溃是文明面临的最大威胁”
“It’s a bigger risk than AI, so I’d put it at #1. If these trends continue, humanity will cease to exist.” ↗
“它是比 AI 更大的风险,所以我会把它排第一。如果这些趋势持续下去,人类将不复存在。”
“Population collapse due to low birth rates is a much bigger risk to civilization than global warming” ↗
“低出生率导致的人口崩溃,对文明的风险比全球变暖大得多”
有数据支撑的国别例子,一句透露个人情况的关联,以及从第一性原理出发对人口过剩恐惧的诊断:
“unless something changes to cause the birth rate to exceed the death rate, Japan will eventually cease to exist. This would be a great loss for the world.” ↗
“除非有什么变化让出生率超过死亡率,否则日本最终将不复存在。这对世界将是巨大的损失。”
“Most people still think China has a one-child policy. China had its lowest birthdate ever last year, despite having a three-child policy! At current birth rates, China will lose ~40% of people every generation! Population collapse.” ↗
“大多数人还以为中国在实行独生子女政策。尽管实行了三孩政策,中国去年的出生率仍创下历史新低!按目前的出生率,中国每一代人都会减少约 40%!人口崩溃。”
“Contrary to what many think, the richer someone is, the fewer kids they have. I am a rare exception. Most people I know have zero or one kid.” ↗
“和很多人想的相反,一个人越有钱,孩子就越少。我是个少见的例外。我认识的大多数人都没有孩子,或者只有一个。”
“Doing my best to help the underpopulation crisis. A collapsing birth rate is the biggest danger civilization faces by far.” ↗
“我在尽最大努力帮忙缓解人口不足危机。出生率崩塌是文明面临的最大危险,没有之一。”
“The idea that there are too many people generally stems from the axiomatic flaw that Earth’s environment can’t sustain its current population.” ↗
“认为人太多的想法,通常源于一个公理上的缺陷:以为地球环境养活不了现有的人口。”
政治:财政鼓点、“觉醒病毒”,以及明确的转向(2021–2022)
这是本页最重要的演变,沿着一条坡道逐日记录下来。2021 年的基调是财政保守和反官僚:对老人政治的批评(附一个具体提议)、资本配置的论证,以及提炼出来的支出论:
“We live in a gerontocracy” ↗
“我们生活在老人政治之中”
“Let’s set an age limit after which you can’t run for political office, perhaps a number just below 70 …” ↗
“我们来设个年龄上限吧,过了这个岁数就不能竞选公职,也许定在略低于 70 岁……”
“Who is best at capital allocation – government or entrepreneurs – is indeed what it comes down to. The tricksters will conflate capital allocation with consumption.” ↗
“归根结底,问题确实在于谁最擅长配置资本:政府还是企业家。耍花招的人会把资本配置和消费混为一谈。”
“Eventually, they run out of other people’s money and then they come for you.” ↗
“最后,他们把别人的钱花光了,接下来就轮到你了。”
“Spending is the real problem.” ↗
“支出才是真正的问题。”
“Inflation is the most regressive tax of all, yet is advocated by those who claim to be progressive” ↗
“通货膨胀是所有税中最累退的一种,鼓吹它的却是那些自称进步的人”
他详细的税收理念(消费税加遗产税)、自由意志主义式的警句,以及与沃伦之争的高潮:
“taxes are best applied to (especially extravagant) consumption, whereas capital allocation taxes reduce goods & services output, so actually bad for the people. Probable capital allocation skill of heirs is lower than original creator, so I am in favor of an estate t” ↗
“税最好征在消费上(尤其是奢侈消费),而对资本配置征税会减少商品和服务的产出,所以其实对人民不利。继承人配置资本的能力很可能不如最初的创造者,所以我赞成遗产……”
“A strong bias towards consumption tax makes sense” ↗
“大力向消费税倾斜是说得通的”
“Nothing is more permanent than a “temporary” government program” ↗
“没有什么比一个‘临时’政府项目更持久”
“And if you opened your eyes for 2 seconds, you would realize I will pay more taxes than any American in history this year” ↗
“你要是睁眼看上 2 秒钟,就会发现我今年缴的税将比历史上任何一个美国人都多”
那个后来成为他标志性政治用语的说法第一次出现(2021 年 12 月),以及它背后“创造者对索取者”的世界观:
“traceroute woke_mind_virus” ↗
“traceroute woke_mind_virus”(即“追踪觉醒病毒的路由”)
“People who don’t create products & services don’t realize that it takes hard work to produce products & services” ↗
“不创造产品和服务的人,意识不到生产产品和服务需要付出艰辛的努力”
然后是 2022 年的明确转向。反 ESG 的信念不断升级(从“恶魔化身”到“ESG 是骗局”),早期的信号(“被极端分子劫持”“极左派恨所有人”)一步步走向他宣布换党的那一刻,“觉醒病毒”也被重新定义为关乎存亡的威胁:
“I am increasingly convinced that corporate ESG is the Devil Incarnate” ↗
“我越来越确信,企业 ESG 就是恶魔的化身”
“Exxon is rated top ten best in world for environment, social & governance (ESG) by S&P 500, while Tesla didn’t make the list! ESG is a scam. It has been weaponized by phony social justice warriors.” ↗
“埃克森在标普 500 的环境、社会和治理(ESG)评级中位列全球前十,特斯拉却没上榜!ESG 是个骗局。它已经被虚伪的社会正义斗士武器化了。”
“I strongly supported Obama for President, but today’s Democratic Party has been hijacked by extremists” ↗
“我当年坚定支持奥巴马当总统,但今天的民主党已经被极端分子劫持了”
“The far left hates everyone, themselves included!” ↗
“极左派恨所有人,包括他们自己!”
“In the past I voted Democrat, because they were (mostly) the kindness party. But they have become the party of division & hate, so I can no longer support them and will vote Republican. Now, watch their dirty tricks campaign against me unfold … 🍿” ↗
“过去我投民主党,因为他们(大体上)是善良的政党。但他们已经变成了分裂与仇恨的政党,所以我再也无法支持他们,将投票给共和党。现在,就等着看他们针对我的抹黑运动上演吧……🍿”
“Unless it is stopped, the woke mind virus will destroy civilization and humanity will never reached Mars” ↗
“除非被阻止,否则觉醒病毒将毁灭文明,人类将永远到不了火星”
“The woke mind virus has thoroughly penetrated entertainment and is pushing civilization towards suicide. There needs to be a counter-narrative.” ↗
“觉醒病毒已经彻底渗透了娱乐业,正在把文明推向自杀。需要有一种反叙事。”
“The woke mind virus is either defeated or nothing else matters” ↗
“觉醒病毒要么被打败,要么其他一切都无关紧要”
他的幽默即真相理论(“觉醒主义是个谎言”),以及值得注意的一点:即便在向右转的过程中,他仍坚持中间派的自我定位和反部落主义,正是这一点让这次转向显得特立独行:
“The reason you’re not that funny is because you’re woke. Humor relies on an intuitive & often awkward truth being recognized by the audience, but wokism is a lie, which is why nobody laughs.” ↗
“你之所以不怎么好笑,是因为你很觉醒。幽默靠的是让观众认出一个凭直觉就能感到、而且往往令人尴尬的真相,但觉醒主义是个谎言,所以没人笑。”
“A party more moderate on all issues than either Reps or Dems would be ideal” ↗
“要是有一个在所有议题上都比共和党和民主党更温和的政党,那就再理想不过了”
“The whole notion of being “left wing” or “right wing” is silly. Almost no one initially agrees with the semi-random collection of policies associated with each wing. They only support those policies after they join the left or right mind tribe.” ↗
“所谓‘左翼’或‘右翼’这整个概念都很可笑。几乎没有人一开始就认同每一翼所对应的那堆半随机拼凑的政策。他们都是在加入了左派或右派的思想部落之后,才去支持那些政策的。”
“To be clear, I support the left half of the Republican Party and the right half of the Democratic Party!” ↗
“说清楚一点,我支持共和党的左半边和民主党的右半边!”
“My political leanings are moderate, so neither fully Republican nor Democrat, which I am confident is the case for most Americans. Executive competence is super underrated in politics – we should care about that a lot more!” ↗
“我的政治倾向是温和的,所以既不完全是共和党,也不完全是民主党,我相信大多数美国人都是这样。执政能力在政治中被严重低估了,我们应该更加重视它!”
“To independent-minded voters: Shared power curbs the worst excesses of both parties, therefore I recommend voting for a Republican Congress, given that the Presidency is Democratic.” ↗
“致有独立思想的选民:分权能遏制两党最过分的做法,所以既然总统是民主党的,我建议投票选出一个共和党国会。”
“To be clear, my historical party affiliation has been Independent, with an actual voting history of entirely Democrat until this year” ↗
“说清楚一点,我一直以来登记的党派都是独立人士,而实际投票记录直到今年之前全部是投民主党”
他评判制度的经验法则,以及对政治本身带着自嘲的流露:
“The acid test for any two competing socioeconomic systems is which side needs to build a wall to keep people from escaping? That’s the bad one!” ↗
“检验任何两种相互竞争的社会经济制度,试金石就是:哪一方需要砌墙来防止人们逃跑?那一方就是坏的!”
“Being attacked by both right & left simultaneously is a good sign” ↗
“同时被左右两边攻击,是个好兆头”
“Politics is war and truth is the first casualty” ↗
“政治就是战争,而真相是第一个牺牲品”
“Politics is a sadness generator” ↗
“政治是个悲伤制造机”
“The Democrat vs Republican tribalism among otherwise intelligent people is most distressing. Demonizing everyone who would vote for an alternate party is not constructive.” ↗
“在本来挺聪明的人当中,民主党对共和党的部落主义最让人痛心。把所有可能投给另一个党的人都妖魔化,这没有任何建设性。”
“I don’t think we should divide issues semi-randomly into “left” and “right” tribes, as it inhibits critical thinking.” ↗
“我认为我们不该把议题半随机地划进‘左’和‘右’两个部落,因为这会妨碍批判性思维。”
一再出现、并与文明存亡挂钩的反监管信念,以及反垄断和问责方面的不满:
“There is simply no way that humanity can become a spacefaring civilization without major regulatory reform. The current regulatory system is broken.” ↗
“不进行重大的监管改革,人类根本不可能成为航天文明。现行的监管体系已经坏掉了。”
“Unlike its aircraft division, which is fine, the FAA space division has a fundamentally broken regulatory structure. Their rules are meant for a handful of expendable launches per year from a few government facilities. Under those rules, humanity will never get to Mars.” ↗
“FAA 的飞机部门没问题,但它的航天部门监管结构从根本上就是坏的。他们的规则是为每年从几处政府设施进行的寥寥几次一次性发射制定的。照这些规则,人类永远到不了火星。”
“Apple app store fees are a de facto global tax on the Internet. Epic is right.” ↗
“苹果应用商店的抽成,实际上就是对整个互联网征收的全球税。Epic 是对的。”
“If WFP can describe on this Twitter thread exactly how $6B will solve world hunger, I will sell Tesla stock right now and do it.” ↗
“如果世界粮食计划署能在这个推特帖子里讲清楚,60 亿美元究竟怎样解决世界饥饿问题,我现在就卖特斯拉股票去做。”
“erotic democracy >> sclerotic democracy” ↗
“erotic democracy(情色民主)≫ sclerotic democracy(僵化民主)”
“The Constitution is greater than any President. End of story.” ↗
“宪法高于任何一位总统。就这么简单。”
言论自由与推特风波:“绝对主义者”标签与收购主线(2021–2022)
言论自由的信念自成一条带日期的线,从 2021 年初的一个信号,一直走到收购和一条新主张。早期对大型科技公司内容审核的不信任,以及助长这种不信任的对信息质量的担忧:
“A lot of people are going to be super unhappy with West Coast high tech as the de facto arbiter of free speech” ↗
“让西海岸的高科技公司充当言论自由的实际裁判,很多人会非常不满”
“It is hard to find good sources of relatively objective news these days. Any suggestions?” ↗
“这年头很难找到相对客观的好新闻来源。有什么推荐吗?”
“Freedom is being stripped away one piece at a time until it is gone” ↗
“自由正在被一点一点剥夺,直到荡然无存”
“If you scare people enough, they will demand removal of freedom. This is the path to tyranny.” ↗
“只要把人吓得够厉害,他们就会主动要求取消自由。这就是通往暴政之路。”
第一次自称“言论自由绝对主义者”(2022 年 3 月,因星链一事),以及那条干脆利落、伏尔泰式的原则:
“Starlink has been told by some governments (not Ukraine) to block Russian news sources. We will not do so unless at gunpoint. Sorry to be a free speech absolutist.” ↗
“一些政府(不是乌克兰)要求星链屏蔽俄罗斯的新闻来源。除非拿枪指着,否则我们不会这么做。抱歉,我是个言论自由绝对主义者。”
“I disagree with you, but I disagree with deleting your stuff even more. That’s what free speech is about.” ↗
“我不同意你的观点,但我更不同意删掉你的东西。这才是言论自由的意义。”
推特收购主线,按时间顺序:对算法偏见的担忧,要求开源,拉开这场征战序幕的几次投票,“公共广场”的说法,以及收购要约:
“I’m worried about de facto bias in “the Twitter algorithm” having a major effect on public discourse. How do we know what’s really happening?” ↗
“我担心‘推特算法’中事实上存在的偏见会对公共讨论产生重大影响。我们怎么知道到底发生了什么?”
“Twitter algorithm should be open source” ↗
“推特算法应该开源”
“Free speech is essential to a functioning democracy. Do you believe Twitter rigorously adheres to this principle?” ↗
“言论自由对一个正常运转的民主至关重要。你认为推特严格遵守了这一原则吗?”
“Given that Twitter serves as the de facto public town square, failing to adhere to free speech principles fundamentally undermines democracy. What should be done?” ↗
“既然推特实际上充当着公共广场,不遵守言论自由原则就会从根本上破坏民主。该怎么办?”
“If our twitter bid succeeds, we will defeat the spam bots or die trying!” ↗
“如果我们收购推特成功,我们要么打败垃圾机器人,要么死在路上!”
他围绕这件事搭建的主张:公平就是让两个极端同样不满,这一年点赞最多的言论自由表态,以及促使他收购的算法操纵论:
“For Twitter to deserve public trust, it must be politically neutral, which effectively means upsetting the far right and the far left equally” ↗
“推特要配得上公众的信任,就必须在政治上保持中立,这实际上意味着让极右和极左同样不满”
“I hope that even my worst critics remain on Twitter, because that is what free speech means” ↗
“我希望哪怕是骂我骂得最狠的人也能留在推特上,因为这就是言论自由的意义”
“The extreme antibody reaction from those who fear free speech says it all” ↗
“那些害怕言论自由的人起了这么剧烈的抗体反应,这就说明了一切”
“By “free speech”, I simply mean that which matches the law. I am against censorship that goes far beyond the law. If people want less free speech, they will ask government to pass laws to that effect. Therefore, going beyond the law is contrary to the will of the people.” ↗
“我说的‘言论自由’,就是指符合法律的言论。我反对远远超出法律的审查。如果人们想要更少的言论自由,他们会要求政府通过相应的法律。所以,超出法律就是违背人民的意愿。”
“You are being manipulated by the algorithm in ways you don’t realize. Easy to switch back & forth to see the difference.” ↗
“你正在被算法以你意识不到的方式操纵着。来回切换一下,就很容易看出区别。”
“I’m not suggesting malice in the algorithm, but rather that it’s trying to guess what you might want to read and, in doing so, inadvertently manipulate/amplify your viewpoints without you realizing this is happening” ↗
“我不是说算法怀有恶意,而是说它在试图猜你可能想读什么,而在这个过程中,它会不经意地操纵或放大你的观点,你却意识不到这正在发生”
收购本身,以及定义他内容审核理念的新政策:着眼长远的“X”愿景,几句标志性的宣言,平民化的认证改革,对广告主出走的说法,以及“言论自由,但不是传播自由”的主张:
“Buying Twitter is an accelerant to creating X, the everything app” ↗
“收购推特,是打造 X 这个万能应用的加速器”
“the bird is freed” ↗
“鸟儿自由了”
“Comedy is now legal on Twitter” ↗
“喜剧在推特上合法了”
“Twitter’s current lords & peasants system for who has or doesn’t have a blue checkmark is bullshit. Power to the people! Blue for $8/month.” ↗
“推特现在决定谁有蓝勾、谁没有的那套领主与农奴制度就是扯淡。权力归于人民!蓝勾每月 8 美元。”
“Twitter has had a massive drop in revenue, due to activist groups pressuring advertisers, even though nothing has changed with content moderation and we did everything we could to appease the activists. Extremely messed up! They’re trying to destroy free speech in America.” ↗
“由于激进团体向广告主施压,推特的收入大幅下滑,尽管内容审核什么都没变,我们也尽了一切努力去安抚那些激进分子。太离谱了!他们想摧毁美国的言论自由。”
“Please note that Twitter will do lots of dumb things in coming months. We will keep what works & change what doesn’t.” ↗
“请注意,推特在接下来几个月会干很多蠢事。管用的我们留下,不管用的我们改掉。”
“New Twitter policy is freedom of speech, but not freedom of reach. Negative/hate tweets will be max deboosted & demonetized, so no ads or other revenue to Twitter. You won’t find the tweet unless you specifically seek it out, which is no different from rest of Internet.” ↗
“推特的新政策是:言论自由,但不是传播自由。负面和仇恨推文会被最大限度地降权并取消变现,所以推特不会从中得到广告或其他收入。除非你专门去找,否则你看不到这条推文,这和互联网上其他地方没什么两样。”
“freedom of speech is the bedrock of a strong democracy and must take precedence” ↗
“言论自由是强大民主的基石,必须放在首位”
“Just a note to encourage people of different political or other views to engage in civil debate on Twitter. Worst case, the other side has a slightly better understanding of your views.” ↗
“提一句,鼓励政治观点或其他观点不同的人在推特上文明辩论。最坏的结果,也不过是对方稍微更了解你的观点一点。”
“You know Twitter is being fair when extremists on far right and far left are simultaneously upset! Twitter aims to serve center 80% of people, who wish to learn, laugh & engage in reasoned debate.” ↗
“极右和极左的极端分子同时不满,你就知道推特是公平的!推特的目标是服务中间那 80% 的人,他们想学东西、想开怀一笑、想进行有理有据的辩论。”
对媒体的不信任:点击机器还是真相机器,以及公民新闻(2021–2022)
对媒体不信任的这条线被重申,而且更尖锐了:对负面偏向的批评,这一年最值得引用的一句警句,以及以公民新闻为由拥有推特的理由:
“We are choked with news and starved of history” ↗
“我们被新闻噎着,却饿着历史”
“Why is the “traditional” media such a relentless hatestream? Real question.” ↗
“为什么‘传统’媒体就是一股没完没了的仇恨流?真心发问。”
“Most news outlets attempt to answer the question: “What are the worst things happening on Earth today?” It’s a big planet! Obviously, some bad things are happening somewhere at any given time, but focusing relentlessly on those does not give an accurate picture of reality.” ↗
“大多数新闻媒体都在试图回答这个问题:‘今天地球上发生的最糟糕的事情是什么?’地球这么大!显然,任何时候总有某个地方在发生坏事,但没完没了地盯着这些,并不能准确反映现实。”
“The media is a click-seeking machine dressed up as a truth-seeking machine” ↗
“媒体是一台打扮成求真机器的求点击机器”
“A beautiful thing about Twitter is how it empowers citizen journalism – people are able to disseminate news without an establishment bias” ↗
“推特的一大妙处,就是它给公民新闻赋了能:人们可以不带建制派偏见地传播新闻”
“You represent the problem: journalists who think they are the only source of legitimate information. That’s the big lie.” ↗
“你就是问题所在:那些以为自己是唯一正当信息来源的记者。这才是弥天大谎。”
“Who decides “The Current Thing?” Real question. I don’t know.” ↗
“‘当下热点’是谁定的?真心发问。我不知道。”
推特文件背后“透明建立信任”的原则,以及把这个平台看作蜂群心智的模型:
“Twitter needs to become by far the most accurate source of information about the world. That’s our mission.” ↗
“推特要成为关于这个世界的、遥遥领先的最准确的信息来源。这就是我们的使命。”
“The more I learn, the worse it gets. The world should know the truth of what has been happening at Twitter. Transparency will earn the trust of the people.” ↗
“我了解得越多,情况就越糟。世界应该知道推特内部一直在发生什么的真相。透明会赢得人民的信任。”
“Transparency is the key to trust” ↗
“透明是信任的关键”
“Truth brings reconciliation” ↗
“真相带来和解”
“Because it consists of billions of bidirectional interactions per day, Twitter can be thought of as a collective, cybernetic super-intelligence” ↗
“推特每天由数十亿次双向互动构成,因此可以把它看作一种集体的、控制论意义上的超级智能”
形而上学与哲学:渲染规则、缸中之脑、意识(2021–2022)
模拟论和计算式形而上学这组观点被重申,同时还有支撑 Neuralink 的唯物主义心智观,以及对意识的惊叹:
“Physics formulas are the rendering rules” ↗
“物理公式就是渲染规则”
“We are a brain in a vat – the vat is our skull. All our senses and memories are electrical signals.” ↗
“我们是缸中之脑,缸就是我们的颅骨。我们所有的感官和记忆都是电信号。”
“Words are very lossy compression of thoughts” ↗
“语言是对思想损耗极大的压缩”
“We are a pattern of ancient atoms” ↗
“我们是由古老原子构成的一种排列模式”
“Any sufficiently advanced magic is indistinguishable from technology” ↗
“任何足够先进的魔法,都与技术无从区分”
“Consciousness can understand the nature of the Universe. Clams, not so much.” ↗
“意识能理解宇宙的本质。蛤蜊嘛,就不太行了。”
他宣称的指导哲学:好奇心与扩展意识,包括最明确的一次表述、与宗教相容的说法,以及关于宇宙和存在的思考:
“I am inspired by curiosity. That is what drives me. So let us expand the scope & scale of consciousness so that we may aspire to understand the Universe.” ↗
“激励我的是好奇心。它就是驱动我的东西。所以,让我们扩大意识的范围和规模,好让我们有望理解宇宙。”
“A new philosophy of the future is needed. I believe it should be curiosity about the Universe – expand humanity to become a multiplanet, then interstellar, species to see what’s out there.” ↗
“我们需要一种关于未来的新哲学。我认为它应该是对宇宙的好奇:让人类扩展成一个多行星物种,再成为星际物种,去看看外面有什么。”
“This is compatible with existing religions – surely God would want us to see Creation?” ↗
“这和现有的宗教是相容的,上帝想必也希望我们去看看造物吧?”
“If the Universe is headed for heat death, then it really is all about the journey” ↗
“如果宇宙注定走向热寂,那真正重要的确实就是这段旅程”
“I swear my responsibility to the highest good for consciousness, while always re-examining what the highest good is” ↗
“我发誓为意识的至善尽我的责任,同时始终重新审视什么才是至善”
进化心理学和道德哲学的视角:负面偏向是一种进化上的不对称,他在 12 月又回过头来重新思考的复仇与宽恕,以及关于人如何被愚弄的认识论:
“Reasons to hate are remembered better than reasons to love” ↗
“恨的理由比爱的理由更容易被记住”
“An evolutionary asymmetry helpful to survival, but counterproductive when survival is not at stake” ↗
“一种有利于生存的进化不对称,但在生存不成问题时就适得其反”
“The limbic instinct for vengeance is incredibly strong, which is why turn the other cheek is such a powerful idea” ↗
“边缘系统的复仇本能强得不可思议,所以‘把另一边脸也转过来’才是如此有力的一个理念”
“Easy to fool people, but it is almost impossible to convince people that they have been fooled” ↗
“愚弄人很容易,但要让人相信自己被愚弄了,几乎是不可能的”
“No matter how smart someone is, they are always some % wrong” ↗
“一个人不管多聪明,总有百分之几是错的”
“Always worth reading about the many civilizations that have risen and fallen … lessons we should take to heart. There is danger to a “United Earth” in that it may result in a collective fall or ossification of civilization.” ↗
“那许许多多兴起又衰亡的文明,永远值得一读……这些教训我们应该铭记于心。‘统一的地球’是有危险的,因为它可能导致文明集体衰落或僵化。”
自我揭示:苦行者、宿命论者、坦率的自白(2021–2022)
这个时期坦率的自我披露。他重复得最多的个人法则(2022 年给它起了名),明确的心理应对方法,以及清苦的自我形象:
“The most entertaining outcome is the most likely” ↗
“最有娱乐性的结果就是最可能的结果”
“The most entertaining outcome is the most likely – my variant on Occam’s Razor” ↗
“最有娱乐性的结果就是最可能的结果,这是我版本的奥卡姆剃刀”
“Accept worst case outcome & assign it a probability, which is usually very low. Now think of good things in life & assign them probabilities – many are certain! Bringing anxiety/fear to the conscious mind saps it of limbic emotional strength. Cheery fatalism is very effective.” ↗
“接受最坏的结果,给它估一个概率,通常都很低。再想想生活中的好事,也给它们估个概率,很多都是板上钉钉的!把焦虑和恐惧带到意识层面,就能削弱它在边缘系统里的情绪力量。乐呵呵的宿命论非常有效。”
“My primary home is literally a ~$50k house in Boca Chica / Starbase that I rent from SpaceX. It’s kinda awesome though.” ↗
“我的主要住所,真的就是博卡奇卡/星舰基地一栋价值约 5 万美元的房子,是我从 SpaceX 租的。不过还挺棒的。”
“Time is the ultimate currency” ↗
“时间是终极货币”
他宣称的人生使命及其背后的价值观:三大支柱的使命表述,“相信人民”的反广告立场,真相高于输赢的决策规则,以及个人座右铭:
“I am primarily trying to advance two causes: sustainable energy & extending life/consciousness beyond Earth. There is also the existential threat of AI, which we should aspire to mitigate. This doesn’t leave time to write books.” ↗
“我主要在推进两项事业:可持续能源,以及把生命和意识延伸到地球之外。还有 AI 带来的生存威胁,我们应该努力去缓解它。这样一来就没时间写书了。”
“Other companies spend money on advertising & manipulating public opinion, Tesla focuses on the product. I trust the people.” ↗
“别的公司把钱花在广告和操纵舆论上,特斯拉专注于产品。我相信人民。”
“Tesla policy is never to give in to false claims, even if we would lose, and never to fight true claims, even if we would win.” ↗
“特斯拉的原则是:对不实的索赔绝不让步,哪怕我们会输;对属实的索赔绝不抗争,哪怕我们会赢。”
“Don’t kill what you hate, Save what you love” ↗
“别去毁掉你所恨的,要去拯救你所爱的”
“Some hate humanity, but I love humanity so much” ↗
“有人憎恨人类,但我太爱人类了”
坦率的自白:少见的战略失误认错,功劳与过错的归属规则,芒格与风险承受力的故事,以及一句关于冲突的自嘲:
“My true moral error was creating Tesla & SpaceX at same time, while avoiding general mgmt chores at Tesla (focusing only on product & engineering). Tried to have my cake & eat it too, which failed.” ↗
“我真正的道德过错,是同时创办特斯拉和 SpaceX,却又在特斯拉回避一般性的管理杂务(只专注于产品和工程)。我想鱼与熊掌兼得,结果失败了。”
“The failures are mine, the successes belong to others” ↗
“失败归我,成功属于别人”
“I was at a lunch with Munger in 2009 where he told the whole table all the ways Tesla would fail. Made me quite sad, but I told him I agreed with all those reasons & that we would probably die, but it was worth trying anyway.” ↗
“2009 年我和芒格一起吃午饭,他当着满桌人历数特斯拉会以哪些方式失败。这让我挺难过的,但我告诉他,这些理由我全都同意,我们很可能会完蛋,但无论如何都值得一试。”
“Much harder to make friends than enemies. My skill at the latter is improving.” ↗
“交朋友比树敌难多了。我在后者上的本事越来越高明了。”
““Only the paranoid survive.” – Grove” ↗
“‘只有偏执狂才能生存。’——格鲁夫”
2022 年、ChatGPT 时代到来之际,他在宽恕问题上明确的观点演变,推翻了自己早先对“把另一边脸也转过来”的轻视;还有一句能动性高于幸福的表态:
“Jesus taught love, kindness and forgiveness. I used to think that turning the other cheek was weak & foolish, but I was the fool for not appreciating its profound wisdom.” ↗
“耶稣教导爱、善良与宽恕。我过去以为把另一边脸也转过来是软弱而愚蠢的,但真正的傻瓜是我,因为我没能领会其中深刻的智慧。”
“And remember that happiness is a choice” ↗
“记住,快乐是一种选择”
他对心理健康与药物的坦率看法,在市场问题上唱反调的立场,以及长期投资理念:
“I’ve talked to many more people who were helped by psychedelics & ketamine than SSRIs & amphetamines” ↗
“我聊过的人里,被迷幻药和氯胺酮帮到的,比被 SSRI 类抗抑郁药和安非他明帮到的多得多”
“u can’t sell houses u don’t own u can’t sell cars u don’t own but u can sell stock u don’t own!? this is bs – shorting is a scam legal only for vestigial reasons” ↗
“你不能卖你没有的房子,你不能卖你没有的车,但你能卖你没有的股票!?这是扯淡。做空是一种骗局,之所以合法,只是历史遗留的原因”
“Buy stock in several companies that make products & services that you believe in. Only sell if you think their products & services are trending worse. Don’t panic when the market does. This will serve you well in the long-term.” ↗
“买几家公司的股票,它们做的产品和服务得是你自己信得过的。只有当你觉得它们的产品和服务在走下坡路时才卖。市场恐慌时你别跟着慌。长远来看,这会让你受益。”
“kids starting with lots of money usually have much less motivation than those who have nothing. When we started our first company (Zip2) in 95, I had over $100k of student debt, a computer I built myself and a few thousand dollars.” ↗
“一开始就有很多钱的孩子,动力通常比一无所有的孩子小得多。95 年我们创办第一家公司(Zip2)的时候,我有超过 10 万美元的学生贷款、一台自己组装的电脑,外加几千美元。”
他的领导力与团队原则:技术管理者必须懂技术的规则,文化的“矢量和”模型,以及领导者服务于人民的格言:
“I strongly believe that all managers in a technical area must be technically excellent. Managers in software must write great software or it’s like being a cavalry captain who can’t ride a horse!” ↗
“我坚信,技术领域的所有管理者都必须在技术上很出色。软件领域的管理者必须能写出很棒的软件,否则就像一个不会骑马的骑兵队长!”
“Output of any company is the vector sum of people within it. Someone may be a strong vector, but negatively affect those around them to such a degree that they are a net negative.” ↗
“任何一家公司的产出,都是其中所有人的矢量和。一个人可能是个很强的矢量,但对周围人的负面影响大到让他成了净负值。”
“The duty of a leader is to serve their people, not for the people to serve them” ↗
“领导者的职责是服务他的人民,而不是让人民服务他”
“Working hard to make useful products & services for your fellow humans is deeply morally good” ↗
“努力为你的同胞打造有用的产品和服务,在道德上是深刻的善”
“Most big companies in tech have turned into places where talent goes to die” ↗
“大多数大型科技公司都变成了人才的坟场”
由他的使命之意义引出的思考:太空代表希望,守护者的情怀,以及把火星当作共同目标的论证:
“those who attack space maybe don’t realize that space represents hope for so many people” ↗
“那些攻击太空事业的人,也许没意识到太空对那么多人来说代表着希望”
“This is the essence of my philosophy” ↗
“这就是我的哲学的精髓”
“Without a common goal, humanity will fight itself” ↗
“没有共同的目标,人类就会自相残杀”
“Being a Mom is just as important as any career” ↗
“当妈妈和任何职业一样重要”
地缘政治:星链、乌克兰,以及言论自由绝对主义的边界(2022)
这一年一条新的、真正在演变的主线:把他卷入地缘政治的实际行动,以及由此滋生的不安:
“Starlink service is now active in Ukraine. More terminals en route.” ↗
“星链服务现已在乌克兰开通。更多终端正在路上。”
“Starlink is meant for peaceful use only” ↗
“星链只用于和平用途”
“If you care about the people of Ukraine, seek peace.” ↗
“如果你关心乌克兰人民,就去寻求和平。”
“Even so, we should still do good deeds” ↗
“即便如此,我们仍然应该做好事”
他对战争的道德现实主义看法(不止说过一次),以及他担忧核升级背后关于理性假设的推理:
“War is the ultimate Supreme Court” ↗
“战争是终极的最高法院”
“There are no angels in war.” ↗
“战争中没有天使。”
“But surely no reasonable person would launch nuclear war? The problem with that logic is if we were dealing with reasonable people, we wouldn’t have war in the first place.” ↗
“可是,理智的人总不会发动核战争吧?这个逻辑的问题在于:如果我们面对的是理智的人,一开始就不会有战争了。”
“Future wars are all about the drones. Human crews of planes or tanks have no chance. One exception: a purely analog, human-controlled vehicle is far more resilient to EMF weapons.” ↗
“未来的战争全看无人机。有人驾驶的飞机或坦克毫无胜算。只有一个例外:纯模拟、由人控制的载具,对电磁武器的抵抗力要强得多。”
关联
- 第一性原理——密集的货币即信息论述(“只是一个配置劳动的信息系统……误差和延迟最小的那个会胜出”;“任何形式的货币都只是它的记账”),物理即真理、第一性原理对类比推理的格言(“根本错误在于类比推理”),以及“心智防火墙”这一批判性思维论点。
- AI 生存风险——ChatGPT 问世时重申的信念(“我们离危险而强大的 AI 已经不远了”),带日期的 AGI 时间表(“2029 年……要是到那时我们还没有 AGI,我会很意外”),数字算力与生物算力之比这个指标从“增长很快”(8 月)升级为“呈指数增长”(12 月),以及把特斯拉机器人当作安全对冲。
- 自动驾驶——有据可查的纯视觉转向:“当雷达和视觉意见不一致时……与其做传感器融合,不如在视觉上加倍下注”,以及“现实世界的光学智能……其余一切都只是锦上添花”。
- 火星殖民——使命被重申为基础设施和生物圈保险(“人类是生命的守护者……给生物圈做备份”;“特斯拉是为了保护地球上的生命,SpaceX 是为了把生命延伸到地球之外”),大过滤器与窗口正在关闭的紧迫感,以及“意识之光”信条(“无边黑暗中的一支小蜡烛……不要让它熄灭”)。
- 可持续能源使命——对电池瓶颈的诊断,一再出现的挺核信念(2021 和 2022 年),对太阳能加电池的笃定预测,以及战时能源安全上的务实(“立即增加石油和天然气产量”)。
- 觉醒病毒——这个说法第一次以推文形式出现(“traceroute woke_mind_virus”,即“追踪觉醒病毒的路由”,2021 年 12 月),以及它升级为关乎存亡的威胁(“将毁灭文明,人类将永远到不了火星”;“要么被打败,要么其他一切都无关紧要”),外加幽默即真相的理论(“觉醒主义是个谎言”)。
- 言论自由绝对主义——自称“言论自由绝对主义者”(因星链与俄罗斯一事),推特收购主线(算法偏见投票 →“公共广场”→ 收购要约 →“鸟儿自由了”),对言论自由的精确定义(“符合法律的言论”),以及“言论自由,但不是传播自由”的主张。
- 政府效率——2021 年的财政保守主义鼓点(“支出才是真正的问题”;“通货膨胀是所有税中最累退的一种”;消费税加遗产税的理念),对老人政治的批评及其年龄上限提议,以及监管阻碍进步的信念。
- 模拟假说——重申的计算式形而上学(“物理公式就是渲染规则”;“我们是缸中之脑,缸就是我们的颅骨”;“把现实压缩进一个小小的向量空间,就像倒过来的电子游戏”)。
- 好奇心与求真——宣称的指导哲学(“激励我的是好奇心……扩大意识的范围和规模”;“一种关于未来的新哲学……对宇宙的好奇”),关于认知谦逊的格言,以及“质疑科学”这一对科学的定义。
- 意识与死亡——“语言是对思想损耗极大的压缩”,“我们是由古老原子构成的一种排列模式”,以及火星和 Neuralink 使命背后“意识能理解宇宙”的说法。
- 人类的光明未来——人口崩溃的信念升级为文明头号风险(这是他亲人类的乐观主义的反面:“有人憎恨人类,但我太爱人类了”;“我在尽最大努力帮忙缓解人口不足危机”)。
- 埃隆·马斯克——这一实体 2021–2022 年的第一人称记录:政治转向(2021 年的财政鼓点 →“traceroute woke_mind_virus”→ 2022 年 5 月宣布“我再也无法支持他们,将投票给共和党”),收购推特与“言论自由绝对主义者”标签,狗狗币/货币即信息的加密货币主线以及比特币能耗上的反转,把人口崩溃排在首位,“5 万美元房子”的清苦自我形象和“乐呵呵的宿命论”,芒格的故事,以及在耶稣与宽恕问题上的观点演变。